Intracellular fluid has the lowest pH
Acidosis: When the pH of systemic arterial blood falls below the normal range
Alkalosis: When pH rises above the normal range
Respiratory acidosis: blood CO2 levels increase and blood pH drops due to low breathing rate
Metabolic acidosis: kidneys are unable to remove acid from the body; kidneys not functioning normally and is unable to remove H+ ions in urine
Respiratory alkalosis : blood CO2 levels drop and blood pH increases due to high breathing rate
Metabolic alkalosis: body lose large amounts of H+ (vommitting ) or when large amounts of bicarbonate ions build up in body .
- Chemical buffer systems (fastest)
- Respiratory mechanisms
- Renal mechanisms (slowest)
- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
- ALL BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
- Protein buffer system
blood plasma fluid and intracellular fluidact aszwitterion haemoglobin as a buffer (deoxyhaemoglobin )- Phosphate buffer system
intracellular fluid
Respiratory mechanisms
- Can regulate the pH of the blood using rate and depth of breathing due to carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Alkalosis- respiratory muscles contract and relax more slowly, decreasing the rate of breathing
- Increased acidity of blood (less CO2 is exhaled, more H2CO3 produced, which dissociates, liberating more H+)
Acidosis- respiratory muscles contract and relax more rapidly, increasing rate and depth of breathing
- More Co2 exhaled, less H2CO3 produced, resulting in lower concentration of H+.
Renal compensation
- Na+/H+ antiporters
- Increasing body pH by pumping H+ ions out of tubule epithelial cells and into the filtrate within the tubule lumen and then excreted as urine
Reabsorption of bicarbonates- Reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the kidney
reabsorbed from intercalated cells at collecting ducts- Regulation of urine pH
phosphate and ammonia
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