Tuesday, 13 January 2015

Nutrition I: Macronutrients

Nutrients

1. Roles at cellular and molecular level

Types
Carbohydrates
  • Important source of energy
  • Provide energy to muscles- carbs have a protein-sparing action (prevent protein catabolising to provide glucose when carb levels are low and hence, can preserve muscle tissue)
  • Allows protein to perform its function (development and maintenance of muscle mass)
  • Healthy function of the CNS (CNS depends on glucose)
  • Components of glycolipids, glycoprotein and nucleic acids
  • Provide fiber: 
    • Insoluble fiber increases stool weight, promoting regular elimination of waste and prevent constipation
    • Soluble fibre: food source for gut bacteria
      • Fermentation of soluble fiber results in release of short chain fatty acids and B vitamins
      • Short chain FA block cholesterol synthesis in the liver
      • Reduce cholesterol by enhancing hepatic control to bile acid
      • Reduce postprandial rise in blood glucose
      • Delay gastric emptying and increase satiation
  • Provide desirable flavor and texture in food products
Health issues
  • dental carries
  • obesity
  • CVD
  • Colorectal cancer

Protein
  • Growth and maintenance
  • Cell structure
  • Antibodies and hormone production
  • Source of energy
  • Maintenance of fluid balance
Fat
  • source of energy
  • Supply of EFA
  • cell structure- PL
  • Required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
  • increase palatability
Deficient of macronutrient
Carbs- increase in ketone bodies production, protein-tissue wasting
Protein- protein energy malnutrition- kwashiorkor and marasmus
Fat- weight loss, can't keep warm, lack of EFA and Vit ADEK

Excessive intake of macronutrient
Carbs- too much triglycerides in blood
Protein- proteins consumed in excess is deaminated, and the resulting carb skeletons are metabolised to provide energy/ acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis. Excess protein is eliminated form the body as urinary nitrogen, and is accompanied by increasing urinary calcium, leading to osteoporosis, gout etc
Fat- increased cholestrol levels leading to CVD

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