Nutrition II: Micronutrients

Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vit A
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K

Water soluble vitamins
Vit C
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Pantothenic acid
Pyroxidine
Biotin
Folate
Cobalamin

Minerals
Calcium
Zinc
Selenium
Magnesium
Iodine
Iron
Sodium
Potassium

Nutrition I: Macronutrients

Nutrients

1. Roles at cellular and molecular level

Types

Carbohydrates

• Important source of energy
• Provide energy to muscles- carbs have a protein-sparing action (prevent protein catabolising to provide glucose when carb levels are low and hence, can preserve muscle tissue)
• Allows protein to perform its function (development and maintenance of muscle mass)
• Healthy function of the CNS (CNS depends on glucose)
• Components of glycolipids, glycoprotein and nucleic acids
• Provide fiber: 
• Insoluble fiber increases stool weight, promoting regular elimination of waste and prevent constipation
• Soluble fibre: food source for gut bacteria
• Fermentation of soluble fiber results in release of short chain fatty acids and B vitamins
• Short chain FA block cholesterol synthesis in the liver
• Reduce cholesterol by enhancing hepatic control to bile acid
• Reduce postprandial rise in blood glucose
• Delay gastric emptying and increase satiation
• Provide desirable flavor and texture in food products

Health issues

• dental carries
• obesity
• CVD
• Colorectal cancer

Protein

• Growth and maintenance
• Cell structure
• Antibodies and hormone production
• Source of energy
• Maintenance of fluid balance

Fat

• source of energy
• Supply of EFA
• cell structure- PL
• Required for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
• increase palatability

Deficient of macronutrient

Carbs- increase in ketone bodies production, protein-tissue wasting

Protein- protein energy malnutrition- kwashiorkor and marasmus

Fat- weight loss, can't keep warm, lack of EFA and Vit ADEK

Excessive intake of macronutrient

Carbs- too much triglycerides in blood

Protein- proteins consumed in excess is deaminated, and the resulting carb skeletons are metabolised to provide energy/ acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis. Excess protein is eliminated form the body as urinary nitrogen, and is accompanied by increasing urinary calcium, leading to osteoporosis, gout etc

Fat- increased cholestrol levels leading to CVD